Nutrient Neutrality Requires Package Treatment Plant Upgrade

With nutrient neutrality requirements being enforced at off-mains properties in areas of England, homeowners need to understand the benefits of non-chemical package treatment plants, writes Andrew Baird, technical director at WCS Environmental Engineering.
Nutrient Neutrality Requires Package Treatment Plant Upgrade
Nutrient neutrality planning requirements are being put in place in specific parts of England to protect sensitive waters and marine life. For domestic homeowners and developers using package treatment plants (PTPs), this poses new considerations around both planning and treatment processes.

Nutrient neutrality is crucial for protecting water bodies from nutrient pollution, which can cause eutrophication, algal blooms, and oxygen depletion – harming aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity.

Nutrient neutrality emerged in June 2019, when government advisor Natural England began issuing advice to Local Planning Authorities (LPAs) with protected bodies of waters to only grant planning permission to properties and developments proven to be nutrient neutral.

The guidance applies to 74 areas with surface water impacted by high levels of contaminants, mainly phosphate and nitrate. These are present in treated wastewater discharged to watercourses in the final stage of the water treatment process, which can be harmful to water environments and ecosystems if above a certain threshold.

Nutrient neutrality is a means of ensuring that the development of new homes or changes in the way existing homes are run or occupied, that would result in a net increase in population served by a wastewater system, do not add to the nutrient burden of protected waters.

By ensuring new developments or existing properties do not increase nutrient levels, the requirements help maintain water quality, support sustainable development, preserve the health of sensitive environments, and prevent long-term environmental degradation.

Demonstrate removal plan

In the 74 affected regions determined by Natural England, developers and property owners must prove wastewater treatment schemes will be nutrient neutral by demonstrating in planning applications how the full amount of anticipated nutrients will be removed or offset.

For properties with off-mains drainage, onsite PTPs represent a significant factor in the neutrality equation in developments of varying sizes. As a sustainable water recycling specialist, WCSEE continues to see an increase in enquiries for its biological compact PTPs, which can remove up to 80% of nutrients found in wastewater. Whilst the standard PTP can achieve 52% nutrient removal further treatment is required to hit the 80% figure.

Chemical risk

Low-cost chemical dosing PTPs are being offered as a solution to remove phosphates in off-mains drainage areas by some suppliers. While chemicals are appropriate in many regulated water utility applications with sophisticated dosing equipment and/or low population densities, they are not suitable for smaller domestic off-mains drainage.

This is because in England the volume of receiving waters tends to be low, and population densities are high (up to 276 per square kilometre), so a chemical solution may deliver worse environmental outcomes than the problem it seeks to address. This is especially true in counties such as Devon and Cornwall which have the highest density of installed septic tanks and PTPs in England.

For comparison, the countries of Norway and Canada do allow chemical solutions for domestic wastewater treatment as standard, but the population densities are far lower (15 and four people per square kilometre respectfully).

Additionally, in many countries, there are qualified service engineers where, if dosing is required, users must take out a maintenance contract with an approved company, this is not the case in the UK.

In the UK, chemical dosing in off-mains drainage systems is not currently advanced enough to precisely deliver chemicals, and it is likely that underdosing or overdosing will occur. Furthermore, unlike the utilities, domestic discharges lack environmental consents for parameters such as iron or aluminium, which could have a negative impact on receiving waters.

For example, water pollution from the chemicals used in domestic wastewater treatment, such as ferric chloride, aluminium sulphate, and ferric sulphate, through overdosing or accidental release into the environment can contaminate ecosystems, harming wildlife and disrupting natural processes, causes algal blooms, depleting oxygen, discolouration of the stream or watercourse and killing aquatic life.

While in small quantities this may not be harmful, over time the pH level in water bodies can be affected as well as being harmful to those handling chemicals if they are not trained professionals.

The most recent updated guidance given by Natural England in 2022 states, “The use of PTPs that include chemical dosing on privately owned properties, that are not controlled by a management company or similar, should not be used to achieve nutrient neutrality. This is unless the local planning authority is satisfied that sufficient measures have been secured to ensure that the correct dosing will be applied by the homeowner in perpetuity.”

Effective mitigation

While nutrient neutrality is complex and the guidance under constant review, some effective mitigation schemes have taken place to the benefit of developers, and WCSEE is confident of further technological advancements emerging soon.

Natural England guidance for domestic package treatment plants state that where deployment is appropriate, a plant will not necessarily deliver nutrient neutrality unless it is replacing an inefficient septic tank or PTP, or the existing nutrient export from the developed land is high enough to completely offset the PTP nutrient load.

In most cases a PTP will need to be delivered in conjunction with other mitigation measures, either within the development or offsite, to achieve nutrient neutrality.

Upgrading PTPs

For existing off-main drainage properties within nutrient neutrality areas, the guidance is to replace existing inefficient septic tanks and PTPs with improved PTPs, which may generate nutrient credits. For example, an applicant proposing new houses might be able to replace septic tanks at existing neighbouring properties to bring the whole area into line with requirements, provided the units are appropriately located.

Failing systems should not be able to claim nutrient credits beyond the default baseline for expected performance, meaning that poorly performing systems should not be rewarded. Additionally:

PTPs or septic tanks that discharge to ground should only be replaced by units that
also discharge to ground where ground conditions are appropriate for drainage
Existing units that currently discharge to water may be replaced by units that discharge
either directly to water or to ground
All PTP and septic tank replacement schemes will need to meet the Environment Agency permit requirements
The replacement of existing units which meet the threshold for small-scale discharges of less than 2m3/day cannot be used to generate phosphorus credits

Anyone looking to install a small onsite PTP should read Natural England’s guidance carefully, liaise with their LPA, and contact WCSEE for clear technical advice about off-mains drainage and wastewater treatment solutions.

Site Site-specific chemical dosing PTP solutions already exist in the market and, if an off mains drainage property is in a nutrient neutrality area, can form part of a suite of solutions to achieve phosphorus offsets. For example, WCSEE is developing an algae-based system for the Diamond range of PTPs, backed by comprehensive research and three years of data which show up to 80% phosphorous removal.

Over time, the expectation is that these biologically based solutions become more commonplace in the market, so domestic properties with off-mains drainage have access to a range of non-chemical solutions from a variety of manufacturers to the ultimate benefit of the environment.